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PTRACE(2) UNIX Programmer's Manual PTRACE(2)
NNAAMMEE
ppttrraaccee - process tracing and debugging
SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
##iinncclluuddee <<ssyyss//ttyyppeess..hh>>
##iinncclluuddee <<ssyyss//ppttrraaccee..hh>>
_i_n_t
ppttrraaccee(_i_n_t _r_e_q_u_e_s_t, _p_i_d___t _p_i_d, _c_a_d_d_r___t _a_d_d_r, _i_n_t _d_a_t_a)
DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
ppttrraaccee() provides tracing and debugging facilities. It allows one pro-
cess (the _t_r_a_c_i_n_g process) to control another (the _t_r_a_c_e_d process). Most
of the time, the traced process runs normally, but when it receives a
signal (see sigaction(2)), it stops. The tracing process is expected to
notice this via wait(2) or the delivery of a SIGCHLD signal, examine the
state of the stopped process, and cause it to terminate or continue as
appropriate. ppttrraaccee() is the mechanism by which all this happens.
The _r_e_q_u_e_s_t argument specifies what operation is being performed; the
meaning of the rest of the arguments depends on the operation, but except
for one special case noted below, all ppttrraaccee() calls are made by the
tracing process, and the _p_i_d argument specifies the process ID of the
traced process. _r_e_q_u_e_s_t can be:
PT_TRACE_ME This request is the only one used by the traced process; it
declares that the process expects to be traced by its par-
ent. All the other arguments are ignored. (If the parent
process does not expect to trace the child, it will proba-
bly be rather confused by the results; once the traced pro-
cess stops, it cannot be made to continue except via
ppttrraaccee().) When a process has used this request and calls
execve(2) or any of the routines built on it (such as
execv(3)), it will stop before executing the first instruc-
tion of the new image. Also, any setuid or setgid bits on
the executable being executed will be ignored.
PT_READ_I, PT_READ_D
These requests read a single int of data from the traced
process' address space. Traditionally, ppttrraaccee() has al-
lowed for machines with distinct address spaces for in-
struction and data, which is why there are two requests:
conceptually, PT_READ_I reads from the instruction space
and PT_READ_D reads from the data space. In the current
NetBSD implementation, these two requests are completely
identical. The _a_d_d_r argument specifies the address (in the
traced process' virtual address space) at which the read is
to be done. This address does not have to meet any align-
ment constraints. The value read is returned as the return
value from ppttrraaccee().
PT_WRITE_I, PT_WRITE_D
These requests parallel PT_READ_I and PT_READ_D, except
that they write rather than read. The _d_a_t_a argument sup-
plies the value to be written.
PT_READ_U This request reads an int from the traced process' user
structure. The _a_d_d_r argument specifies the location of the
int relative to the base of the user structure; it will
usually be an integer value cast to caddr_t either explic-
itly or via the presence of a prototype for ppttrraaccee(). Un-
like PT_READ_I and PT_READ_D, _a_d_d_r must be aligned on an
int boundary. The value read is returned as the return
value from ppttrraaccee().
PT_WRITE_U This request writes an int into the traced process' user
structure. _a_d_d_r specifies the offset, just as for
PT_READ_U, and _d_a_t_a specifies the value to be written, just
as for PT_WRITE_I and PT_WRITE_D.
PT_CONTINUE The traced process continues execution. _a_d_d_r is an address
specifying the place where execution is to be resumed (a
new value for the program counter), or (caddr_t)1 to indi-
cate that execution is to pick up where it left off. _d_a_t_a
provides a signal number to be delivered to the traced pro-
cess as it resumes execution, or 0 if no signal is to be
sent.
PT_KILL The traced process terminates, as if PT_CONTINUE had been
used with SIGKILL given as the signal to be delivered.
PT_ATTACH This request allows a process to gain control of an other-
wise unrelated process and begin tracing it. It does not
need any cooperation from the to-be-traced process. In
this case, _p_i_d specifies the process ID of the to-be-traced
process, and the other two arguments are ignored. This re-
quest requires that the target process must have the same
real UID as the tracing process, and that it must not be
executing a setuid or setgid executable. (If the tracing
process is running as root, these restrictions do not ap-
ply.) The tracing process will see the newly-traced pro-
cess stop and may then control it as if it had been traced
all along.
PT_DETACH This request is like PT_CONTINUE, except that it does not
allow specifying an alternate place to continue execution,
and after it succeeds, the traced process is no longer
traced and continues execution normally.
Additionally, machine-specific requests can exist. On the SPARC, these
are:
PT_GETREGS This request reads the traced process' machine registers
into the ``struct reg'' (defined in <_m_a_c_h_i_n_e_/_r_e_g_._h>) point-
ed to by _a_d_d_r.
PT_SETREGS This request is the converse of PT_GETREGS; it loads the
traced process' machine registers from the ``struct reg''
(defined in <_m_a_c_h_i_n_e_/_r_e_g_._h>) pointed to by _a_d_d_r.
PT_GETFPREGS This request reads the traced process' floating-point reg-
isters into the ``struct fpreg'' (defined in
<_m_a_c_h_i_n_e_/_r_e_g_._h>) pointed to by _a_d_d_r.
PT_SETFPREGS This request is the converse of PT_GETFPREGS; it loads the
traced process' floating-point registers from the ``struct
fpreg'' (defined in <_m_a_c_h_i_n_e_/_r_e_g_._h>) pointed to by _a_d_d_r.
PT_SYSCALL This request is like PT_CONTINUE except that the process
will stop next time it executes any system call. Informa-
tion about the system call can be examined with PT_READ_U
and potentially modified with PT_WRITE_U through the
u_kproc.kp_proc.p_md element of the user structure (see be-
low). If the process is continued with another PT_SYSCALL
request, it will stop again on exit from the syscall, at
which point the return values can be examined and poten-
tially changed. The u_kproc.kp_proc.p_md element is of
type ``struct mdproc'', which should be declared by includ-
ing <_s_y_s_/_p_a_r_a_m_._h>, <_s_y_s_/_u_s_e_r_._h>, and <_m_a_c_h_i_n_e_/_p_r_o_c_._h>, and
contains the following fields (among others):
syscall_num
syscall_nargs
syscall_args[8]
syscall_err
syscall_rv[2]
When a process stops on entry to a syscall, syscall_num
holds the number of the syscall, syscall_nargs holds the
number of arguments it expects, and syscall_args holds the
arguments themselves. (Only the first syscall_nargs ele-
ments of syscall_args are guaranteed to be useful.) When a
process stops on exit from a syscall, syscall_num is -1,
syscall_err holds the error number (see errno(2)), or 0 if
no error occurred, and syscall_rv holds the return values.
(If the syscall returns only one value, only syscall_rv[0]
is useful.) The tracing process can modify any of these
with PT_WRITE_U; only some modifications are useful.
On entry to a syscall, syscall_num can be changed, and the
syscall actually performed will correspond to the new num-
ber (it is the responsibility of the tracing process to
fill in syscall_args appropriately for the new call, but
there is no need to modify syscall_nargs). If the new
syscall number is 0, no syscall is actually performed; in-
stead, syscall_err and syscall_rv are passed back to the
traced process directly (and therefore should be filled
in). If the syscall number is otherwise out of range, a
dummy syscall which simply produces an ENOSYS error is ef-
fectively performed.
On exit from a syscall, only syscall_err and syscall_rv can
usefully be changed; they are set to the values returned by
the syscall and will be passed back to the traced process
by the normal syscall return mechanism.
EERRRROORRSS
Some requests can cause ppttrraaccee() to return -1 as a non-error value; to
disambiguate, _e_r_r_n_o can be set to 0 before the call and checked after-
wards. The possible errors are:
[ESRCH]
No process having the specified process ID exists.
[EINVAL]
++oo A process attempted to use PT_ATTACH on itself.
++oo The _r_e_q_u_e_s_t was not one of the legal requests.
++oo The _a_d_d_r to PT_READ_U or PT_WRITE_U was not int-aligned.
++oo The signal number (in _d_a_t_a) to PT_CONTINUE or PT_SYSCALL was
neither 0 nor a legal signal number.
++oo PT_GETREGS, PT_SETREGS, PT_GETFPREGS, or PT_SETFPREGS was at-
tempted on a process with no valid register set. (This is nor-
mally true only of system processes.)
[EBUSY]
++oo PT_ATTACH was attempted on a process that was already being
traced.
++oo A request attempted to manipulate a process that was being
traced by some process other than the one making the request.
++oo A request (other than PT_ATTACH) specified a process that
wasn't stopped.
[EPERM]
++oo A request (other than PT_ATTACH) attempted to manipulate a pro-
cess that wasn't being traced at all.
++oo An attempt was made to use PT_ATTACH on a process in violation
of the requirements listed under PT_ATTACH above.
BBUUGGSS
On the SPARC, the PC is set to the provided PC value for PT_CONTINUE and
similar calls, but the NPC is set willy-nilly to 4 greater than the PC
value. Using PT_GETREGS and PT_SETREGS to modify the PC, passing
(caddr_t)1 to ppttrraaccee(), should be able to sidestep this.
Single-stepping is not available.
When using PT_SYSCALL, there is no easy way to tell whether the traced
process stopped because it made a syscall or because a signal was sent at
a moment that it just happened to have valid-looking garbage in its
``struct mdproc''.
NetBSD November 7, 1994 4